Appearing throughout the text, these boxes use examples from the reading selections to demonstrate specific rhetorical moves such as summarizing, making a claim, and conceding a point.
Then, sentence guides prompt students to try out those moves in their own writing. The result is a toolkit of models for students to work from and a jumping-off point for instructors to discuss issues of style. Nine new and relevant selections provide eye-opening and engaging reading for students. For example,. An even stronger emphasis on considering multiple perspectives helps students analyze and integrate complex points of view, moving them beyond binary thinking.
The fifth edition includes expanded advice for analyzing appeals Chapter 2 , integrating ideas from sources while avoiding plagiarism Chapter 8 , using quotations and signal phrases Chapter 8 , and assessing the accuracy and credibility of sources and visuals Chapters 7 and A thoroughly revised Chapter 10 on visual rhetoric helps students make sense of the many visual arguments they encounter.
The chapter includes new examples and a new section on analyzing infographics. It is useful for pushing students to see that academic writing requires rigorous work in multiple areas while providing them the tools to break down this work. Read online or offline with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course.
Learn About E-book. Achieve is a comprehensive set of interconnected teaching and assessment tools that incorporate the most effective elements from Macmillan Learning's market leading solutions in a single, easy-to-use platform. Schedule Achieve Demo. Steps to Analyzing a Text Rhetorically. A Practice Sequence: Writing a Summary. A Practice Sequence: Identifying Claims. Susan D.
Steps to Identifying Issues. Steps to Formulating an Issue-Based Question. Steps to Establishing a Context for a Thesis. A Practice Sequence: Identifying Sources. Steps to Searching for Sources. A Practice Sequence: Searching for Sources. Steps to Evaluating Library Sources. Kapoor [ldB. Bernard [ldB. Wells [LJy. Garnett [LJy. BarCharts [ltM. Mitchell [Lzn. By Angela Royston [mhe. Kershul [Mki. Richards, David Bohlke [mxu. McCullough [myc. Pohl [myX. Richards, David Bohlke [MzX.
Horning [Ni1. Seeds, Dana Backman [NVn. Bissinger [oAj. Carlson [OaN. Trattner [oBP. Tasa [Oio. Carlson [oOL. William Petty [OVo. Foxfire Fund [P6E. Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller [p7c. BarCharts [PEB. Ellis [pqd. Macdonald [Q3H. Forbis Jordan [Q3H.
Dimitar Dragomirov Draganov [Qnw. Parr [qwi. Quinlan [qzX. Slotkis [R Jones [ReD. Brownley [rFf. Fitzsimmons [s0S. Campbell [seH.
Roessler [Sfc. Myers [SL4. Gdoutos [SQl. Black [sWE. Zimbelman [tIm. Konigsburg [tMP. Vocke [u4w. For a long piece of writing such as a dissertation a card index is useful. You can do this by studying current textbooks and journals and checking departmental guidelines. Orwell pointed out that although Charles Dickens described eating large meals in many of his books, he never wrote about farming.
He was a Cockney, and London is the centre of the earth in rather the same sense that the belly is the centre of the body. As Orwell noted, Dickens frequently described food but was uninterested in food production. With most of the others, the way they earn their living is very much in the background. Combine a and b , again acknowledging the source. Referring verbs use both the present and the past tenses. The past tense suggests that the source is older and the ideas perhaps out- of-date: Steinbeck explored a link between cancer and diet.
There are three main systems of reference in use in academic writing: a The system illustrated above the Harvard is the most common. Note the following: Hunter states … date of publication in brackets when referring verb is used Women pose less security risk.
Burke and Pollock, authors and date in brackets after summary NB. For quotations page numbers should also be given after the date. Details of the organisation of the reference section are given in 8 below. Cuervo, D. HR Journal Segall, N. The Economist, 13 January , pp. A full reference section is required at the end of the article or book. Study the pattern of organisation and answer the following questions.
References and Quotations 75 a How are the entries ordered? Brzeski, W. Hill, S. London: Macmillan Education Ltd. Koutsoyiannis, A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pass, C. London: Routledge pp. Peck, S. Warwick Business School. Russell, T. Referencing is a complex subject and students are advised to seek specialist advice, e. Style 1. Study the style of this paragraph and underline any examples of poor style. A lot of people think that the weather is getting worse. They say that this has been going on for quite a long time.
I think that they are quite right. Research has shown that we now get storms etc all the time. Academic writing attempts to be precise, semi-formal, impersonal and objective. This does not mean that pronouns like I and we are never used, but in general the focus is on presenting information as clearly and accurately as possible.
In this way such writing differs from normal speech and writing, which is more personal and uses more lively idioms and phrases. Using these guidelines, the paragraph above can be analysed: A lot of people think… Imprecise — how many is a lot?
Imprecise — how long is this? I think… Informal, personal phrase Research… Vague — whose research? Over-generalised The paragraph can be rewritten: It is widely believed that the climate is deteriorating. It is claimed that this process has been continuing for nearly years. When reading books and journals in your area you should note what is acceptable. You will probably meet exceptions to the points below as you read, but if you follow these guidelines you should be able to develop a suitable style of your own.
Use standard English: father, man. There is a difference between rule and law, or currency and money, which you are expected to know.
Avoid phrases such as about a hundred or hundreds of years ago. If it is necessary to estimate numbers use approximately rather than about. Style 77 cross reference d Conclusions should use tentative language. Avoid absolute statements 3. Instead use cautious phrases: may reduce crime or tends to reduce crime. Use the full form: do not, cannot.
Both have their place. Use such as or for instance. Use factor, issue or topic. Use improve and deteriorate. Instead use statements: There were four main reasons for the decline… j Avoid numbering sections of your text, except in certain reports.
Use conjunctions and signposting expressions to introduce new sections Turning to the question of taxation …. Sub-headings are widely used. Insert and before the last item: The forests of the twelfth century consisted of oak, ash and lime. Use continue or raise. Re-write the following paragraphs in better style. Why is this? One thing is that mums need to get back to work. Is it good for the kids? Jenkins has studied this and says that early schooling causes social problems like stealing, drug-taking etc.
One thing is that public transport like trains, buses etc is so dear. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.
Synonyms 79 Synonyms cross reference 1. Firm is a good synonym for company, but boss is too informal to use for manager.
Both pupil and student could be used to identify a year-old schoolgirl, but when she goes to university only student is normally used. Scholar might be a possible synonym, but it is very formal. Similarly, at university a lecturer could also be called a teacher, but in school the only possible synonym for teacher is the old-fashioned master or mistress.
Some common academic synonyms. Find synonyms for the words and phrases in italic. In the following text, replace all the words or phrases in italic with suitable synonyms. A leading French company has started a new programme to reduce costs. Identify the synonyms in this text by underlining them and linking them to the word they are substituting for. This reduction, the food body believes, could be achieved by regular hand washing prior to meals. Visual Information 81 Visual Information 1.
Visual devices such as graphs and tables are convenient ways of displaying large quantities of information in a form that is quick and simple to understand.
Below are illustrations of some of the main types of visuals used in academic texts. Match the uses a—f to the types 1—6 and the examples A—F in the box below.
Uses a location b comparison c proportion d function e changes in time f statistical display Types Uses Example 1. Part-time student enrolments 45 40 Business 35 30 Education 25 History 83 20 15 Law 15 10 5 Agriculture 7 0 A.
Structure of the Language Centre F. Sports centre membership a. In there was a e. Although visuals do largely speak for themselves, it is usual to help the 2. Which is better? World tea consumption 4. Complete the following description of the chart below. The chart shows population a …………… in a variety of countries around the world. It b …………… the extreme contrast c …………… crowded nations such as South Korea people per sq. Clearly, climate plays a major e …………… in determining population density, f …………… the least crowded nations g …………… to have extreme climates e.
Complete the following description of the table below. Marriage and divorce rates per 1, population Country Marriage rate Divorce rate Britain The c. It appears that in the United States more than g. This suggests that in countries such as the United States and Britain the high marriage rate may be a i. Figures and tables should be numbered and given a title. As with other data, sources must be given for all visual information.
Complete the description of the table above. Accuracy in Writing Student Introduction Accuracy is only one aspect of the total fabric of good writing. Few teachers will be concerned by one minor mistake with a preposition or a plural in a sentence.
But if a student is making mistakes in every other word there is likely to be serious loss of meaning, and their teacher may be unable to mark the work fairly. Many of the most common errors are highlighted in Part 1 Unit 16 Proof-Reading.
Non-native speakers of English tend to have problems of accuracy which relate to their mother tongue. These units are not intended to replace a standard grammar reference book; instead they assume a good basic knowledge of English grammar and focus on those areas of concern to the writer, rather than the speaker, of English.
As in Part 2, the units are arranged alphabetically. There are also two tests of accuracy in the Writing Tests which students can use to pinpoint their weak areas.
Abbreviations 87 1. Abbreviations 1. Abbreviations are an important and expanding feature of contemporary English.
They are used for convenience, and familiarity with abbreviations makes both academic reading and writing easier. Shortened words are often used without the writer being aware of the original form. Bus comes from omnibus, which is never used in modern English, but refrigerator is still better in written English than the informal fridge.
Public house is now very formal pub is acceptable , but television should be used instead of the idiomatic telly. Acronyms are made up of the initial letters of a name or phrase. They are read as words. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, which is a real body, whereas yuppie means young upwardly mobile professional, which is a concept. Other abbreviations are read as sets of individual letters.
All academic subjects employ abbreviations to save time. There are many standard abbreviations found in some types of writing which have a full stop after them to indicate a shortened form. For example, St. Other examples are govt. With type b and c abbreviations there is no standard pattern for using full stops, so both BBC and B. There is, however, a trend to use full stops less. The important thing is to employ a consistent style in your work.
Abbreviations can be confusing. PC, for example, can mean Police Constable in Britain , personal computer and also politically correct.
CD may stand for compact disc or corps diplomatique. PM could be Prime Minister or post meridiem. It is useful to be aware of these potential confusions. Certain abbreviations are found in all types of academic writing. They include: cf. In that case they need explaining: … the developing countries with the highest per-capita dietary energy supplies DES … one delegate expressed surprise that Call Centres CCs should … Explain the abbreviations in the following sentences.
China has joined the WTO. CVs must be no longer than 3 sides of A4. Trade patterns on the w. Wren claimed that the quality of M. Adverbs 89 2. Adverbs 1. Adverbs are used in academic texts in a variety of ways. These can be similar in function to conjunctions. Adverbs linked to verbs and adjectives usually fall into three groups. Adverbs used individually need to be employed with care. As the academic writer aims to be objective, adverbs like fortunately or remarkably may be unsuitable.
However, other, less subjective adverbs can be useful for opening paragraphs or linking ideas. The following examples are often followed by a comma. Time Relating ideas recently clearly increasingly obviously originally not surprisingly presently alternatively currently similarly traditionally more importantly 4. Insert a suitable adverb from the table into the gaps in the sentences. The following adverbs are used to describe changes in the rate of 2.
Others are commonly used to show changes in amount: The birth rate increased slightly after the revolution. Label the adverbs in the table above either A amount or T time. Use a suitable adverb to complete the following sentences. Articles 91 3. Articles cross reference 1. Unless they are uncountable, all nouns need an article when used in the 3.
Compare: a Research is an important activity in universities. In a research, which is usually uncountable, is being used in a general sense. Decide why it is used, or not used, in the following examples. Russian revolution was partly a result of.
First World War. Complete the sentences with either the or nothing. Japanese emperor lives in. US working population are employed in. Spanish painter, was born in. Professor Stabile has shown that d.
He claims that it originally represented h. He has found k. Spain of ships carrying gold from South America. According to him, u. He found w.
Caution 93 4. Caution cross reference 1. A cautious style is necessary in some areas of academic writing: 2. Caution is needed to avoid making statements that are too simplistic: 2. There is usually an exception that needs to be considered. Caution can be shown in several ways: modal verb Poor education can lead to crime. There is a tendency for poor education to lead to crime. Complete the box below with more examples. Rewrite the following sentences in a more cautious way.
Another way to express caution is to use quite, rather or fairly before an 3. It is often used positively, whereas rather tends to be used negatively. When referring to sources, the verb used indicates the degree of caution appropriate.
Rewrite the following text in more cautious language. A team of American scientists have found a way to reverse the ageing process. They fed diet supplements, found in health food shops, to elderly rats, which were then tested for memory and stamina.
The animals displayed more active behaviour after taking the supplements, and their memory improved. In addition, their appearance became more youthful and their appetite increased.
The researchers say that this experiment is a clear indication of how the problems of old age can be overcome. When there are no page numbers listed on an ebook, cite the chapter number instead in your in-text citation. Add the access date to the end of your citation. Accessed 23 July An author can be a person but can also be an organization, or company.
These are called group or corporate authors. Improving Professional Learning through In-House Inquiry shows how to identify the Continuous Professional Development CPD needs of an individual or team and then to meet those needs through carrying out specific inquiry within the organisation.
Middlewood and Abbott demonstrate how the most effective professional learning occurs when the the needs of an organisation are identified at all levels and provide clear support for following this approach. The authors also show that effective student involvement is key because it clearly links CPD with the ultimate aim: to meet students' learning needs. Examples of how this has been achieved successfully in schools and colleges are drawn on throughout, showcasing a variety of settings in various countries.
Four extended case studies from different types of educational institutions are provided to illustrate learning journeys. Read tons of. Click on the link below to download the audio for the A2 Key for Schools Trainer. This new edition of Academic Writing has been fully revised to help students reach this goal.
Browse our catalog or contact your representative for a full listing of updated titles and packages, or to request a custom ISBN. First-year college students are challenged by academic culture and its ways of reading, thinking, and writing that are new to them. Composition instructors are equally challenged by having to introduce, explain, and justify academic methods and conventions to students.
From Inquiry to Academic Writing aids both students and teachers with a practical and now widely proven step-by-step approach that effectively demystifies cross-curricular thinking and writing.
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